late medieval England

Tatiana Alekseevna Leonova PhD in History, assistant professor, Bashkir State Pedagogical University n. a. M. Akmullah (ulitsa Oktyabr’skoy Revolyutsii, 3Ak1, Ufa, The Republic of Bashkortostan, 450000)
leonotan@mail.ru

Leonova T.A. «The Cleric must look sccording to his status»: Visual socialization of the parish clergy in medieval England, Religiya. Tserkov’. Obshchestvo. Issledovaniya i publikatsii po teologii i religii [Religion. Church. Society: Research and publications in the field of theology and religious studies], Saint-Petersburg, 2019, vol. 8, pp. 216–232.

doi: 10.24411/2308-0698-2020-00011

Language: Russian

The article considers the problem of visual socialization of the parish clergy in England, in the Late Middle Ages, in the context of changing requirements for the white clergy as a result of church reforms in the 11–13th centuries.Based on historical-genetic and historical-anthropological methods of working with visual and documentary materials, a panoramic picture of both deviations from the prescribed norms and the formation of a parish clergy universalimage in pre-Reformation England was indicated.
The social content of everyday clothes of the parish clergy is consideredon the basis of the existing church and state regulatory documents, taking into account personal space of the parish clergy. Episcopal registers,wills of white clergy testify to a significant difference in material wealthand the ability to spend on items to maintain the visual prestige of priests,which they could own as personal property. Living in a secular environment, the clergy used both models of behavior and clothing comparableto secular fashion and tradition. The author believes that the objects of everyday life, which a priest led as an inhabitant of a rural community and parish, indicate a possible path to understanding real socialization of the parish clergy in medieval England.
dministration and in the absence of regulated everyday clothing for priests,pastors stood out little from the crowd of parishioners outside the churchpremises. At the same time, in the late medieval literature, the visual attributesof a typical shepherd of the parish were formed, whose symbol was not onlytonsure and modest attire in the priest’s outfit, but also a book.

Key words: late medieval England, catholic parish, parish priest, episcopal registers, miniatures, ordinary dress, weapons, socialization of the secular clergy

URL: http://rcs-almanac.ru/en/leonova-2020-en/

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Sergey Sergeevich Lazarev Master Student, Saint-Petersburg State University, Institute of History, (Mendeleevskaya liniya, 5, Saint-Petersburg, Russia, 199034)
lazarevsergey01@gmail.com

Lazarev S.S. William of Pagula and Ideas on the Sacrament of the Eucharist, Religiya. Tserkov’. Obshchestvo. Issledovaniya i publikatsii po teologii i religii [Religion. Church. Society: Research and publications in the field of theology and religious studies], Saint-Petersburg, 2019, vol. 8, pp. 16–31.

doi: 10.24411/2308-0698-2020-00009

Language: Russian

The liturgical activities of parish clergy have traditionally focusedon church services. Only at the turn of the 11–12th centuries, medievalintellectuals began to make works that were designed specifically to helpthe parish priests. In the 14th century, pastoral leadership for priests wereinstructions and treatises in Latin, such as «The Priest’s Eye» by Williamof Pagula. The work of William of Pagula during the late Middle Agesremained the most popular pastoral manual to the duties and servicesof the parish clergy. It was of exceptional importance as a pastoral manualto the conduct of confession, especially in term of interrogation, forgivenessof sins and choice of punishment for the penitent. In addition, this manualcontained a fairly complete and simple instruction to medieval Englishman on the sacrament of the Eucharist. An explanation of the sacramentof the Eucharist was required so that parish priests could fix the practiceof communion with only bread in mental attitudes of parishioners, whichbegan to be applied from the 12th century. Nevertheless, the new practiceof communing the laity under one kind, and the clergy under both arouseddiscontent among some of the parishioners, which served as one of the catalysts for the emergence of reformist movements. The Catholic Churchfinally confirmed the church custom of the communion of the laity underone kind only in the 16th century at the Council of Trent.

Key words: William of Pagula, the Eucharist, «The Priest’s Eye», parish priests, late medieval England

URL: http://rcs-almanac.ru/lazarev-2020-en/

«The cleric must look according to his status»: Visual socialization of the parish clergy in medieval England

William of Pagula and ideas on the Sacrament of the Eucharist