Marxism – RCS

Sergei Aleksandrovich Isaev PhD in History, senior scientific researcher, Saint Petersburg Institute of History of Russian Academy of Sciences (Petrozavodskaya str., bld. 7, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 197110)
isayevsviir@yandex.ru

Isaev S. A. Freedom as concept, and it’s supposed parameters, Religiya. Tserkov’. Obshchestvo. Issledovaniya i publikatsii po teologii i religii [Religion. Church. Society: Research and publications in the field of theology and religious studies], Saint-Petersburg, 2024, vol. 13, pp. 62–88.

doi: 10.24412/2308-0698-2024-13-62-88

Language: Russian

Freedom is defined as a situation in which a person ought to choose between options: how to behave, or what to do. If a person doesn’t have grounds for dread to perish or to be punished for choosing certain option, and so he or she can follow the inclinations, so the person has freedom as applied for this situation and for those options. Every genuine freedom is limited, so every freedom can be described according to its intrinsic limi tations. The author considers external, and internal limitations, and self restrictions. Next item is connection between freedom and knowledge: knowledge on every option, and knowledge on impending threat if limits be transgressed. The author agrees with concept of «freedom from», but rejects the concept of «freedom for».

Key words: bondage of will, determinism, ethics, freedom, human rights, Lutheranism, Marxism, responsibility, restrictions of freedom, sin

URL: https://rcs-almanac.ru/isaev-2024-en/

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Grigorenko Andrey Yur’evich, PhD, professor, The Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia (St. Petersburg, Russia)

relig-rgpu@yandex.ru

Grigorenko A. Y. Eschatology of the old believers: social discourse, Religiya. Tserkov’. Obshchestvo. Issledovaniya i publikatsii po teologii i religii [Religion. Church. Society: Research and publications in the field of theology and religious studies], Saint-Petersburg, 2014, vol. 3, pp. 94–115.

doi: 10.24411/2308-0698-2014-00006

Language: Russian

Eschatology is an imminent phenomenon of waiting the end of the world of the Christian Church throughout its history. It has many dimensions, one of which is a practical refraction expressed in ideas of social chiliasm. Interconnection of the idea of the Second Coming with the socio-economic upheavals has been always emphasized by scholars, and this article gives a brief retrospective analysis of these relationships. The author states that starvation of folks was one of the causes of the chiliastic ideas and led to social protest in different eras of European history, starting from ancient civilizations till Thomas Münzer revolt during German Reformation. The researcher demonstrates an accurate use of Marxism methodology, that still can provide a fresh glance on some subjects. The author focuses on the Russian Old Believers’ tradition and shows both its universal character and national specifics. The study basing on careful analysis of source data gives amount of key points, when religious reflection of the schematics led not to escape and rejection of the “world”, but to protest and struggle with the official Church, that was seen in traditions of Eastern philosophy as integral part of the State. The author comes to conclusion that the impact of social and political upheaval on the structure of the Old Believers’ discourse was stronger than it seems at first glance.

Key words: eschatology, the Old Believers, Marxism, famine, rebellion, secession

URL: //rcs-almanac.ru/grigorenko-2014-en/