sin – RCS

Sergei Aleksandrovich Isaev PhD in History, senior scientific researcher, Saint Petersburg Institute of History of Russian Academy of Sciences (Petrozavodskaya str., bld. 7, Saint Petersburg, Russia, 197110)
isayevsviir@yandex.ru

Isaev S. A. Freedom as concept, and it’s supposed parameters, Religiya. Tserkov’. Obshchestvo. Issledovaniya i publikatsii po teologii i religii [Religion. Church. Society: Research and publications in the field of theology and religious studies], Saint-Petersburg, 2024, vol. 13, pp. 62–88.

doi: 10.24412/2308-0698-2024-13-62-88

Language: Russian

Freedom is defined as a situation in which a person ought to choose between options: how to behave, or what to do. If a person doesn’t have grounds for dread to perish or to be punished for choosing certain option, and so he or she can follow the inclinations, so the person has freedom as applied for this situation and for those options. Every genuine freedom is limited, so every freedom can be described according to its intrinsic limi tations. The author considers external, and internal limitations, and self restrictions. Next item is connection between freedom and knowledge: knowledge on every option, and knowledge on impending threat if limits be transgressed. The author agrees with concept of «freedom from», but rejects the concept of «freedom for».

Key words: bondage of will, determinism, ethics, freedom, human rights, Lutheranism, Marxism, responsibility, restrictions of freedom, sin

URL: https://rcs-almanac.ru/isaev-2024-en/

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Stanislav Leonidovich Bulanov lecturer, postgraduate student, Kuban State University (Stavropolskayast., 149, Krasnodar, Russia, 350040)
hagadol@mail.ru

Bulanov S. L. Meaning of αἰών/αἰώνιος concerning afterlife of sinners in the New Testament, Religiya. Tserkov’. Obshchestvo. Issledovaniya i publikatsii po teologii i religii [Religion. Church. Society: Research and publications in the field of theology and religious studies], Saint-Petersburg, 2024, vol. 13, pp. 48–61.

doi: 10.24412/2308-0698-2024-13-48-61

Language: Russian

This paper sets out to understand the meaning that the authors of the New Testament ascribed to the concept of αἰών/αἰώνιος in relation to the afterlife of sinners, based on an analysis of the ancient Greek texts that form its foundation. It is therefore clear that the perception of eternity as an endless duration of time is completely alien to the authors of the New Testament. Newton brought this understanding into modern everyday consciousness. He thought of space and time as something homogene ous, infinite and filled with indivisible atoms. The perception of eternity of the authors of the New Testament is radically different from the view of ancient Greek philosophers, who believed the cosmos made eternal circular movements. The study results clearly show that in the New Tes tament, the concept of «eternity» in the context of the afterlife of sin ners is associated with either the state of the human soul, the irresistible power of God, or the severity of the sinner’s punishment. We also examine other uses of the word αἰών/αἰώνιος and conclude that it is used to refer to the qualities of God, eternal, as well as to both this age and times long past.

Key words: eternity, time, New Testament, koine, judgment, cosmos, Newton, sin, age

URL: https://rcs-almanac.ru/bulanov-2024-en/